Resistance, Collisions and Temperature
Look inside a 3D copper sample: ion cores vibrating in a staggered lattice while a single electron zig-zags between them, with its collisions counted live. The vibration amplitude follows the square root of the absolute temperature, so R climbs in a straight line — starting from R₀, never from the origin.
इस सिमुलेशन का उपयोग कैसे करें
- Drag the temperature slider and watch the collision counter respond
- Press Double 100 → 200 °C to test whether doubling the temperature doubles the resistance
- Press Extrapolate back to follow the straight line down towards the axis
- Press Hide the casing to see the lattice and the electron path unobstructed
क्या देखें
- Collisions per second climb steadily as the lattice vibration amplitude grows
- Doubling the Celsius temperature does not double the resistance, because the line misses the origin
- The R–t graph is a straight line cutting the axis at R₀, the resistance at 0 °C
- Extrapolating to zero resistance points far below 0 °C rather than to it
- The ion cores never leave their sites — only the size of their vibration changes
इसके पीछे की भौतिकी
Resistance comes from electrons colliding with vibrating lattice ions. Raising the temperature increases the vibration amplitude, so each core sweeps a larger area, the electron's mean free path shortens and collisions become more frequent. Over the ordinary range this gives the linear law R = R₀(1 + αt), where R₀ is the resistance at 0 °C and α is the temperature coefficient. The line is straight but does not pass through the origin: extrapolating back to zero resistance reaches a temperature well below 0 °C, which is why R₀ and not zero is the intercept.